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Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. This brief, updated edition presents the digital medium entirely in its most updated form with greater emphasis on integrating workflows throughout to make learning techniques even simpler and the most up-to-date industry knowledge.
In additional to covering the basic techniques of photography, this text covers the impact of computers on this important art form. What's happened is that both cameras and photographic processes have become easier and more convenient.
Digital cameras are just another step along this path. Images captured with these cameras are admittedly different, but you'd be hard pressed to prove they are inferior.
Many of the arguments you hear today about digital cameras are but echoes of the sentiments expressed when the 35mm Leica was introduced in It may have used a much smaller negative, and hence been "inferior," but photographers who held onto their big, awkward box cameras were soon bypassed by history.
Another argument against digital cameras is that they are mainly of the point and shoot variety. That means they are fully automatic and don't have the controls that photographers have traditionally used to get great photos. This implies they are used for vacation pictures or photographs are taken as documents of family events. However, there is a certain elitism and snobbishness about this point of view. In general, the photographer brings more to a great photograph than the camera does.
The history of photography is replete with stories about photographers who didn't know or care much about cameras. Jaques Henri Lartigue was getting great images before he was 10 years old--and with an old box camera to boot.
Image quality already rivals or exceeds 35 mm film in high-end cameras. And these cameras also have the same controls as a professional 35 mm SLR.
Their only drawback is their price, but prices are falling rapidly now that image sensors are solid state and Moore's Law is at work. In the meantime, you can get good pictures with point and shoot cameras, but to get great ones you still need to understand what the camera is doing for you automatically.
It's this understanding that gives you the creative control you need to record a scene realistically, just the way you saw it, or to instead capture the feeling or mood instead of the details making up the scene. Your understanding of a few basic principles makes it possible to take a photograph that best expresses what you want to convey. The flowers in the foreground add both depth and interest to what might otherwise be a pretty dull picture. Putting a dead steer in roughly the same position in this image as the flowers are in the previous one has quite a different effect.
Like artists in other mediums, as a photographer you have a set of "tools" that can make your photographs not only exciting and interesting to others but also unique to your own, very personal view of the world around you. You can choose to keep everything in a scene sharp for maximum detail or to blur it all for an impressionistic portrayal.
You can keep some parts sharp and dramatic while letting others appear soft and undistracting. You can use black-and-white to emphasize tone, the innumerable shades of light and dark in every scene, or color to capture bright and powerful or soft and romantic colors.
You can photograph the same subject at dawn, noon, dusk, or at night, in sun, rain, snow, or fog. Each of these variables will influence the image you get.
This ice-locked marina is in a lake in the Colorado Rockies. The melting ice takes on the look of surrealistic water. All of this is possible by adjusting only three controls on your camera: focus, shutter speed, and aperture.
These three controls, however, when combined with patience, experience, and your own personal view of the world, lend themselves to an infinite variety of possibilities, which makes photography a life-long interest and challenge for even the most experienced professionals. With traditional photography, the final image varies very little from the original scene unless you have some serious darkroom skills. With creative digital photography, the image can be just a starting point.
Making photographs look like paintings has been frowned on in photography for the past 80 or so years. Maybe this form of pictoralism will make a comeback. When learning and practicing photography, remember that there are no "rules," no "best" way to make a picture. Great photographs come from experimenting and trying new approaches even with old subjects.
Everything in a scene may not be equally important. When you look at the world your eye focuses sharply on only very small areas at any one time. You can select what is important from an almost infinite number of details.
Photographers can use the same technique to isolate the most important part of a scene. Sharpness in an image is one basic effect you can control in your photographs. In this photograph, the photographer chose to convey a feeling of speed and motion in the water rather than freeze it sharply. Exposure choices can be used to portray any scene light or dark as you wish. More exposure to light makes a scene lighter, less exposure makes it darker.
You can also adjust these tones as well as colors in a photo editing program. A Short Course in Digital Photography 1. Who's Taking Digital Photos? How are Digital Photos Used? Digital photography is really only a few years old, but it's already finding wide acceptance in many areas of photography. In this chapter, as we explore what kinds of photos people take, who's taking them, and how the images are used.
As you read through this chapter, perhaps you'll find areas in which you might want to adopt digital photography. What Kinds of Digital Photos are being Taken? People like David Grenewetzki think nothing of strapping their new digital camera to a remote control airplane, or even a rocket, and launching it into the wild blue yonder to capture photos from a bird's-eye view. Until camera prices come way down, you might want to find other applications for your new camera.
What could be more fun than strapping your new camera onto a remote control airplane for pictures from hundreds of feet up! Check out David's site for lots more on this and rockets too. Fine art photography is a broad category that has included everything from the amazing prints of Ansel Adams to fuzzy prints from a pinhole camera.
Long before Jerry Uelsmann was making montages, this form of photography was going on. Here is a image by Adelaide Hanscom that has many of the features we see in manipulated digital art. Adelaide Hanscom did an entire series of manipulated images to illustrate a edition of the Rubiyat.
Photographs don't always have to be put to work. Most are really just for enjoyment. Capturing memories and strange sights are just a few such uses. Peggy Curtin took this photo of a miniature St. There is a grand tradition of photographing on the street, capturing the fast action as it unfurls. This style of photography grew out of the freedom first offered by the 35 mm Leica, the first camera to truly allow high quality photography on the fly.
Previously, cameras were tethered to tripods, or bulky and obvious. Bring up a one of those big, boxy Graflexs to take a picture and people ducked or fled the scene.
Bring up a Leica and no one notices, not even when it makes its muffled "click. These mannequins in a London store window seemed quite willing to be photographed.
Overcoming my usual shyness, I fired away. Nature photography is perhaps one of the most difficult kinds of photography. Subjects are elusive; one reason why so many "nature" photographs are taken in zoos and preserves where it's like shooting fish in a barrel. However, if you do it au natural, nature photography joyfully merges a love of the outdoors with a love of making images. If no good shots appear, you've still had a nice walk. I stalked these big-horned sheep through the wilds of the London Zoo One the first and most lasting applications of photography has been to bring distant worlds home to viewers.
Digital photography now makes it possible to put all of your images on the Web and bore the entire world instead of just your friends and family. I am probably the only photographer who fell asleep while showing his own slides. One nice thing about digital cameras is that you can show your images on a TV set. You can even select only the best and copy them from you computer back onto the camera's storage device so you can give an edited slide show of just the best images. Some of the issues of digital travel photography are discussed in the section Travel Photography.
Stonehenge sits alone on England's Salisbury Plain looking much like it must have to those who built it thousands of years ago. It's often necessary to make photographic copies of documents and objects. For example, a museum might want an illustrated inventory of everything in its possession. Digital cameras are ideal for this application.
Here an old advertisement for camera lenses has been copied. Some of the early adopters of high-end digital cameras were photographers doing studio photographs for catalogs and other publications. They were able to quickly adopt these cameras for a variety of reasons. This makes it possible to get the long exposures required by some high-resolution cameras that take three exposures to get a full color image. Another reason is that the images are usually reproduced small enough so their faults don't show.
Finally, the production houses that prepare the catalogs prefer to receive digital images so they can avoid the time and cost of scanning them. Image courtesy of Sound Vision Inc. Commercial photographers were amongst the first to adopt digital photography. Using expensive digital backs to large format cameras, these photographers are turning out images that rival those from film-based cameras. Mike Berceanu shot this image on the Agfa StudioCam scanning digital camera. Courtesy of Mike Berceanu.
Reporters and news organizations such as the Associated Press have adopted digital cameras because the photos can be immediately transmitted from the site where they're taken over telephone lines or even a wireless connection.
And once received, they are ready to use, no lab processing is required. A photo of the winning touchdown at a Super Bowl game can appear in a paper across the country within minutes.
Good sites on digital photojournalism are Rob Galbraith's and Dirck Halstead's. A rescue helicopter approaches the cliffs of Dover, England and rescues a man stranded by the incoming tide. Weegee may not have put down his flash-bulb equipped Grapflex for a digital camera, but law enforcement agencies sure have. Like others, they are attracted to the speed of processing and the ability to easily enhance images and distribute them on-line.
Digital photography is ideal for many scientific applications. Here a special digital camera has captured the spectral reflectance properties of plants so their status can be determined. Using photographs such as these, farmers are better able to manage their crops. Digital cameras can also be used for special purposes.
Here's an image taken with the Dycam ADC camera. And who ever said there wasn't art in science? I'd love to see what creative photographers could do with this camera. Courtesy of Dycam. Digital image sensors have been used in astronomy for years. They are now widely used in place of film, even on the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope.
Estimated to be 1, years old, the nebula is a visual "fossil record" of the dynamics and late evolution of a dying star. When you fly a camera through space or land it on another planet, getting film back to Earth is a big problem. The solution, of course, is to use a digital camera and send the image back digitally by radio transmission. Courtesy of Public Use of Remote Data.
One of the masters of this was Roman Vishniac who was a true scientific artists. Digital cameras are ideal for this situation because the images can be immediately displayed. Image courtesy of Sound Vision, Inc.
Kids are getting into digital photography in a big way. With the recent development of low-cost image sensors that are used in cameras, companies are developing more products that include vision. Cameras can now go into products in which they were previously too expensive or bulky. It comes with software that lets kids use their photographs to create cards and place their photos into Barbie scenes.
Courtesy of Mattel media. Most of us take lots of photos and then chuck them in a drawer. If we care enough about some, we may even put them in an album. The problem is, we rarely share them with others and after awhile forget a lot about the circumstances under which we took them. Digital images change all of that. They are easy to insert into documents or Web pages along with captions or text. This makes it easy to create journals for personal memories or to share with others. You can post them on the Web for anyone to see, or print copies and give them to people who shared the experiences with you.
Everyone can now be a publisher. Lots of us have old family photographs that have been tossed in drawers and not well cared for over the years. However having them scanned, or even just photographing them with a digital camera, makes them easy to insert into documents or e-mail. You can even give someone a digital picture frame and feed photos to it over the Internet from anywhere in the world.
In the old days of film photography, you had to physically deliver photos to people you wanted to share them with. Today, that's not necessary. You can quickly send photos as e-mail attachments, post them on a Web site, or upload them to one of the many free photo sharing sites such as ofoto.
Once your images are uploaded, you can even order prints, or lots of other products with your photos on them. Who needs a gallery show when you can put your own photos on mugs? Once images are in digital form, you can start to take pieces from various images and paste them into other images. These composite images can be tame or wild. Here the moon has been cut out of one image and pasted into another. You can't even tell the image has been altered.
Posters, books, magazines, journals, reports, and other kinds of other documents are illustrated with photographs and other images. Since these publications are increasingly desktop published, digital photos are just another part of the stew. Rick Ashley took a digital photograph of the drummer Mohammed Camara and merged it with some clip art to create a stunning poster used to announce classes and performances.
Image courtesy of Rick Ashley. Some big users of digital images are multimedia developers. Since multimedia is always displayed on a computer screen, or projected from it, digital images are a necessary ingredient. Whether originally taken with a digital camera or with a film camera and then scanned, the final image has to be in a digital format. Anyone who is taking photographs for the Web prefers digital cameras because the images are ready to post as soon as they are taken. This saves both time and money.
Since most screens display only low-resolution images, the low- resolution of some cameras is no drawback. In fact, higher resolution images would be too big to post on most Web sites and would have to be reduced anyway. The author of this site has a number of Web sites all well illustrated with digital images.
The site shown here is one for kids on bulldozers and other construction equipment. If you click the link to check it out, please come back. Once images are in a digital format, you can include them in desktop published documents created with programs such as Microsoft Word, PageMaker, or QuarkXPress. Images have been placed in a PageMaker document to prepare them for publishing. Once the almost exclusive domain of Polaroid instant cameras, photos for IDs are increasingly taken in digital form.
Once captured, they can be immediately printed right on the ID cards, making counterfeiting more difficult. You can also use the images to create buttons or illustrated business cards.
Fargo printers are used to make full-color ID cards complete with photographs. Courtesy of Fargo. Newsletters from companies and organizations are often full of images. Employees and members are honored when promoted, retired, or when they reach some milestone, and events are documented. As the publishing process has become digital and moved to the desktop, so have the photographs used to illustrate these newsletters. Realtors are big consumers of photography. Exterior shots are taken for newspaper ads and interior shots for brochures and Web sites.
The ease and immediacy of digital cameras makes them widely used in this field. A typical interior view such as those taken for real estate brochures. If your house or office burns down, or blows or floats away, how do you prove you lost that velvet painting of Elvis? The best way is to photograph your belongings and store the image files on a disk.
To be on the safe side, display the images on the TV and tape them then store the tape in a safe place. If you don't have some items insured, you may have to make do if anything goes wrong. It helps if you have photos that show the "before. It's easier than ever now with on-line auction such as e-bay. A clear crisp digital image can make all of the difference when selling an item in and on-line auction.
A Short Course in Digital Photography 2. These fingernail-sized silicon chips contain millions of photosensitive diodes called photosites. In the brief flickering instant that the shutter is open, each photosite records the intensity or brightness of the light that falls on it by accumulating a charge; the more light, the higher the charge.
The brightness recorded by each photosite is then stored as a set of numbers that can then be used to set the color and brightness of dots on the screen or ink on the printed page to reconstruct the image. They were attempting to create a new kind of semiconductor memory for computers.
A secondary consideration was the need to develop solid-state cameras for use in video telephone service. In the space of an hour on October 17, , they sketched out the CCD's basic structure, defined its principles of operation, and outlined applications including imaging as well as memory. Willard Boyle left and George Smith right. Courtesy of Lucent Technologies. By , the Bell Labs researchers had built the CCD into the world's first solid-state video camera.
In , they demonstrated the first CCD camera with image quality sharp enough for broadcast television. Today, CCD technology is pervasive not only in broadcasting but also in video applications that range from security monitoring to high-definition television, and from endoscopy to desktop videoconferencing.
Facsimile machines, copying machines, image scanners, digital still cameras, and bar code readers also have employed CCDs to turn patterns of light into useful information. Since , when telescopes were first outfitted with solid-state cameras, CCDs have enabled astronomers to study objects thousands of times fainter than what the most sensitive photographic plates could capture, and to image in seconds what would have taken hours before.
Today all optical observatories, including the Hubble Space Telescope, rely on digital information systems built around "mosaics" of ultrasensitive CCD chips. Researchers in other fields have put CCDs to work in applications as diverse as observing chemical reactions in the lab and studying the feeble light emitted by hot water gushing out of vents in the ocean floor. CCD cameras also are used in satellite observation of the earth for environmental monitoring, surveying, and surveillance.
Image Sensors and Pixels Digital photographs are made up of hundreds of thousands or millions of tiny squares called picture elements, or just pixels.
Each of these pixels is captured by a single photosite on the image sensor when you take the photo. Like the impressionists who painted wonderful scenes with small dabs of paint, your computer and printer can use these tiny pixels to display or print photographs.
To do so, the computer divides the screen or printed page into a grid of pixels, much like the image sensor is divided. It then uses the values stored in the digital photograph to specify the brightness and color of each pixel in this grid—a form of painting by number. Controlling, or addressing a grid of individual pixels in this way is called bit mapping and digital images are called bit-maps. Think of each jelly bean as a pixel and it's easy to see how dots can form images. Makers of Jelly Belly jelly beans.
The makeup of a pixel varies depending on whether it's in the camera, on the screen, or on a printout. On an image sensor, each photosite captures the brightness of a single pixel. The layout of the photosites can take the form of a grid or honeycomb depending on who designed it.
A typical image sensor has square photosites arranged in rows The Super CCD from Fuji uses octagonal pixels arranged in and columns. Image size The quality of a digital image, whether printed or displayed on a screen, depends in part on the number of pixels used to create the image sometimes referred to as resolution. The maximum number that you can capture depends on how many photo sites there are on the image sensor used to capture the image. However, some cameras add additional pixels to artificially inflate the size of the image.
You can do the same thing in an image-editing program. In most cases this upsizing only makes the image larger without making it better. Image Sizes—Optical and Interpolated Beware of claims about image sizes often referred to as resolution for cameras and scanners because there are two kinds; optical and interpolated.
The optical resolution of a camera or scanner is an absolute number because an image sensor's photosites are physical devices that can be counted. To improve resolution in certain limited respects, the resolution can be increased using software.
This process, called interpolated resolution, adds pixels to the image. To do so, software evaluates those pixels surrounding each new pixel to determine what its colors should be. For example, if all of the pixels around a newly inserted pixel are red, the new pixel will be made red.
What's important to keep in mind is that interpolated resolution doesn't add any new information to the image—it just adds pixels and makes the file larger. This same thing can be done in a photo editing program such as Photoshop by resizing the image. Beware of companies that promote or emphasize their device's interpolated or enhanced resolution. You're getting less than you think you are.
Always check for the device's optical resolution. If this isn't provided, flee the product—you're dealing with marketing people who don't have your best interests at heart. More pixels add detail and sharpen edges. If you enlarge any digital image enough, the pixels will begin to show-an effect called pixelization.
This is not unlike traditional silver-based prints where grain begins to show when prints are enlarged past a certain point. The more pixels there are in an image, the more it can be enlarged before pixelization occurs.
The photo of the face right looks normal, but when the eye is enlarged too much left the pixels begin to show. Each pixel is a small square made up of a single color. This table lists some standards of comparison. The numbers from various sources differ. One great thing about the Web is that you can talk back to an author and correct him. Click here to send a message setting me straight.
Another mm slide source says about 80 million pixels. Robert Caspe at SoundVision states that color negative film has pixels per inch while color positive film has pixels per inch. For example, the same image can be said to have x pixels where "x" is pronounced "by" as in " by " , or to contain 2. This digital image of a Monarch butterfly chrysalis is pixels wide and pixels tall. It's said to be x Camera Resolutions As you have seen, image sensors contain a grid of photosites—each representing one pixel in the final image.
The sensor's resolution is determined by how many photosites there are on its surface. This resolution is usually specified in one of two ways—by the sensor's dimension in pixels or by its total number of pixels.
For example, the same camera may specify its resolution as x pixels where "x" is pronounced "by" as in " by " , or thousand pixels multiplied by Very high end cameras often refer to file sizes instead of resolution. For example, someone may say a camera creates Megabyte files.
This is just a form of shorthand. Low-end cameras currently have resolutions around x pixels, although this number constantly improves. Better cameras, those with 1 million or more pixels are called megapixel cameras and those with over 2-million are called multi-megapixel cameras. The most comprehensive, up-to-date resource for today's photography students Photography 11th edition offers an in-depth approach to photography that spans the ever-changing landscape of photography -- from dark-room to digital print.
This edition presents all facets of photography, laying out what you need to know to make photographs with digital tools as well as the integral steps to perfecting film print. Key learning applications include videos, simulations, and MediaShare. A better teaching and learning experience The teaching and learning experience with this program helps to: Personalize Learning - MyArtsLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program. It helps students prepare for class and instructor gauge individual and class performance.
Improve Critical Thinking -- Visual aids and detailed coverage of key elements help students examine art more critically. Engage Students -- Updated images, MyArtsLab, and the clarity of the text provide a wonderful engaging student experience.
Support Instructors -- Instructor resources are available in one convenient location. Figures, videos, and teacher support materials create a dynamic, engaging course. Access codesAccess codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code.
Check with the seller. Check with the selle. Written in a simple, non-technical language, the intricacies of digital cameras are revealed. Printing, scanning, filing, uploading and and other related issues are also explained. This book is for everyone who wants to learn about digital photography and improve the quality of their images.
Score: 3. Oriented toward traditional black and white photography, the book also explores digital techniques and web photography resources, equipment, the exposure and development of film, and the making and finishing of prints. The new 8th edition of A Short Course in Photography introduces students to the fundamentals of photography and suggests ways in which they might create photographs that have meaning.
All aspects of the process are explained and illustrated clearly in two-page spreads, each of which addresses a self-contained topic.
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